format_list_bulleted In this guideexpand_more
Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection and inflammation of the upper female reproductive organs. It is often linked to untreated sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia or gonorrhoea, although other bacteria can also cause it.
What is pelvic inflammatory disease?
PID occurs when bacteria move upward from the vagina or cervix into reproductive organs such as the uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries. The condition ranges from mild inflammation to more serious infection.
Some people have obvious symptoms, while others have mild symptoms or none at all. Even a mild or unrecognised infection can sometimes lead to complications, which is why persistent pelvic symptoms deserve medical assessment.
Symptoms to watch for
PID symptoms vary. They may begin gradually and can be mistaken for period pain, a urinary infection or another pelvic condition.
Lower abdominal or pelvic painFrom a dull ache to more severe pain
Unusual vaginal dischargeEspecially discharge with a strong odour
Fever or chillsA raised temperature may suggest infection
Bleeding between periodsOr bleeding after sex
Pain during sexParticularly deep pelvic pain
Burning when urinatingSometimes alongside pelvic discomfort
Seek urgent medical care
Go to the nearest emergency department or call local emergency services if you have:
- Severe or worsening lower abdominal pain
- Vomiting or difficulty keeping fluids down
- High fever, fainting or feeling seriously unwell
- Pelvic pain while pregnant or possibly pregnant
What causes PID?
PID is commonly associated with bacteria that cause chlamydia and gonorrhoea. Other bacteria—including organisms normally found in the vagina—may also be involved. The infection can develop when bacteria pass through the cervix and travel into the upper reproductive tract.
PID is not one single germ or one single symptom. A clinician uses your history, examination and test results together to decide whether treatment is needed.
How PID is diagnosed
There is no single test that confirms every case of PID. Your clinician may ask about symptoms and sexual health, perform an abdominal and pelvic examination, and recommend pregnancy, STI, urine or blood tests. Ultrasound may be used when another cause or a complication needs to be considered.
format_quoteDo not delay seeking care because your symptoms seem mild. Early assessment allows a clinician to consider PID alongside other causes of pelvic pain.
Treatment and follow-up
PID is treated with prescription antibiotics chosen by a qualified clinician. Treatment is usually started promptly when PID is suspected because delays can increase the risk of complications.
Start prescribed treatment promptlyTake every medicine exactly as directed. Do not use leftover or shared antibiotics.
Complete the full courseSymptoms may improve before the infection is fully treated.
Arrange partner care when advisedRecent sexual partners may need STI testing and treatment to prevent reinfection.
Attend follow-upIf symptoms are not clearly improving within about 72 hours, seek prompt reassessment.
Medication must be individualised.This guide intentionally does not provide a self-treatment regimen. Pregnancy, allergies, severity, test results and local resistance patterns can change the correct treatment.
Reducing your risk
Use condoms correctly and consistentlyCondoms reduce the chance of many sexually transmitted infections.
Test for STIs when recommendedAsk a clinician which screening schedule is appropriate for you.
Seek care for genital symptoms promptlyUnusual discharge, burning, sores or bleeding between periods should be assessed.
Avoid vaginal douchingDouching may disturb protective vaginal bacteria and is linked with increased PID risk.
Sources and medical review
This guide is educational and does not replace examination, diagnosis or treatment by a qualified healthcare professional.
Still have questions?
Discuss symptoms or concerns privately with Dr. Benny and understand the next appropriate step.
